82 recipients, each named for a reason.
49 companies receive the Brain Shield notice and 33 entities receive the Signal Shield notice. The reason each is named is written next to it: a patent it holds, a device it sells, a program it funds or governs, or infrastructure it owns. Companies are named as notice recipients and patent assignees; nothing here implies any relationship with Ediflo.AI, LLC. Data current as of 2026-04-18.
13 recipients are headquartered outside the United States and receive notice at their published headquarters. 7 recipients have a registered agent lookup still pending and receive notice at their headquarters until it is confirmed.
49 companies across 4 layers
Layer 1: Invasive and implantable brain-computer interfaces
18 companies
Companies whose devices place electrodes in, on, or inside the vessels of the brain, through surgery or endovascular delivery.
- Synchron Health Inc. Stentrode endovascular brain-computer interface; 118 patent documents in its portfolio.
- Paradromics, Inc. Connexus direct data interface for speech decoding; 28 patent documents.
- Precision Neuroscience Corp. Layer 7 cortical interface with FDA 510(k) clearance; 80 patent documents.
- Blackrock Microsystems, Inc. Utah Array, implanted in human subjects since 2004; roughly 50 patents.
- Neuralink Corp. N1 brain implant; 87 patent documents. Holds USPTO trademark filings for Telepathy, Blindsight and Telekinesis (March 2025).
- NeuroPace, Inc. PatentVest IP leader FDA-approved RNS System, an implant that records brain activity continuously. Named an IP leader in the PatentVest 2025 report.
- Axoft, Inc. Soft polymer brain probes; Harvard spinout.
- Motif Neurotech, Inc. Wireless neuromodulation implant.
- Science Corporation PRIMA retinal implant (results published in NEJM, 2025) and optogenetic vision restoration; $177M raised.
- Cognixion Corporation PatentVest IP leader ONE Axon brain-computer interface with FDA Breakthrough Device designation. PatentVest IP leader.
- Neurolutions, Inc. PatentVest IP leader FDA-cleared IpsiHand stroke rehabilitation BCI. PatentVest IP leader.
- Reach Neuro, Inc. Spinal stimulation brain-computer interface.
- Merge Labs, Inc. Brain-computer interface company reported to have raised $250M, with OpenAI backing.
- Forest Neurotech, LLC Implantable neural technology; shares founders with Merge Labs.
- Subsense, Inc. Nanoparticle-based brain-computer interface; Palo Alto; $10M seed round.
- Cala Health, Inc. Bioelectronic medicine wearables that read and stimulate peripheral nerves.
- Medtronic plc Deep brain stimulation systems and neural interface products.
- Cortical Labs Pty Ltd Biological computing built on living human neurons.
Layer 2: Consumer neural devices
14 companies
EEG, fNIRS and neural EMG devices worn on the body: headbands, headphones, earbuds and wristbands that capture brain or nerve signals without surgery.
- EMOTIV Inc. EPOC, Insight and MN8 EEG headsets. A Chilean court ordered deletion of a customer’s neural data in 2023.
- InteraXon Inc. (Muse) Consumer EEG meditation headband.
- Neurable Inc. PatentVest IP leader MW75 Neuro headphones with embedded EEG electrodes. PatentVest IP leader.
- NeuroSky, Inc. Consumer EEG chipsets licensed into third-party devices.
- OpenBCI, Inc. Open-source EEG hardware.
- Kernel (The Kernel Company) PatentVest IP leader Kernel Flow fNIRS neuroimaging headset; founded by Bryan Johnson; $158M raised. PatentVest IP leader.
- Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc. Wearable EEG systems.
- Thync Global, Inc. Neurostimulation wearable pods.
- Pison Technology, Inc. Neural EMG gesture control wristbands; Department of Defense contracts.
- g.tec medical engineering GmbH Brain-computer interface systems for research and clinical use.
- Brain Products GmbH EEG research systems.
- Bitbrain Technologies S.L. Business-to-business EEG systems.
- Flow Neuroscience AB Brain stimulation headset marketed for depression.
- Cerelog Inc. (BrainBit) Consumer EEG and neurofeedback headbands; formerly BrainBit.
Layer 3: Large technology companies holding neural patents
9 companies
Platform companies with filed or granted patents that describe reading neural signals through everyday consumer devices.
- Meta Platforms, Inc. Acquired CTRL-Labs; ships the Neural Band EMG wristband; holds an in-ear EEG patent; published Brain2Qwerty (February 2025) and TRIBE v2 (March 2026) neural decoding research.
- Apple Inc. Patent filing describing EEG sensing through earbuds.
- Samsung Electronics Brain-sensor wearable research; also publishes 6G integrated sensing and communication research. Served once, covering both product scopes.
- Panasonic PatentVest IP leader 33 brain-computer interface patents; named an IP leader in the PatentVest 2025 report.
- Nvidia Corporation Announced partnership with Synchron; supplies the GPU infrastructure used for neural decoding.
- Alphabet Inc. (Google) DeepMind neural research; multiple biosignal patents.
- Amazon.com, Inc. Alexa biometric patents; Halo band body monitoring.
- Microsoft Corporation New Assignee on WO2020060606A1, "Cryptocurrency system using body activity data," which names brain waves as an input signal.
- Sony Corporation New 2006 patent filing for a neural interface using radio waves; sells earbuds, WH-series headphones and PSVR2 headsets.
Layer 4: International BCI developers
8 companies
Brain-computer interface companies headquartered outside the United States that sell into, publish in, or file patents covering the US market.
- INBRAIN Neuroelectronics S.L. Graphene neural interfaces.
- CorTec GmbH Brain Interchange implant; first-in-human study in 2025.
- MindMaze SA Digital neurotherapeutics.
- Neurosoft Bioelectronics Soft neural implants; partnered with Science Corporation.
- Zhejiang Qiangnao Technology (BrainCo) Largest Chinese BCI company by funding, $286M raised.
- Gestala Ultrasound-based brain-computer interface.
- NeuroXess Invasive brain-computer interface; shares a founder with Gestala.
- Beijing Xinzhida Neurotechnology Chinese neurotechnology developer.
33 entities across 5 layers
Samsung Electronics also publishes 6G sensing research and is counted once, in Brain Shield Layer 3; it receives a single notice covering both scopes. Columbia University appears twice because its medical and general campuses run separate review boards at separate addresses.
Layer 1: 6G equipment manufacturers
7 entities
The chip and radio makers contributing to the 6G integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) standard, whose published research includes human sensing as a use case.
- Huawei Technologies USA Published 6G white paper listing "augmented human sensing" as a use case. US entity is inactive for franchise tax.
- Ericsson Inc. 6G integrated sensing and communication research; publishes the official standardization timeline.
- Nokia of America Corporation 6G integrated sensing and communication research.
- Qualcomm Incorporated Designing 6G sensing chipsets.
- Intel Corporation 6G chip research.
- MediaTek USA Inc. 6G chip research and development.
- ZTE (USA) Inc. 6G research. US entity is inactive for franchise tax.
Layer 2: Telecom carriers and internet service providers
7 entities
The operators expected to deploy 6G radio equipment and carry the resulting data.
- AT&T Inc. National wireless carrier.
- T-Mobile US, Inc. National wireless carrier.
- Verizon Communications Inc. National wireless carrier.
- Array Digital Infrastructure, Inc. (formerly US Cellular) Regional wireless carrier and tower owner; renamed July 25, 2025.
- EchoStar Corporation Parent of Dish Network and Boost Mobile.
- Comcast Corporation Internet service provider.
- Charter Communications, Inc. Internet service provider.
Layer 3: Cell tower and fiber infrastructure owners
5 entities
The companies that own the physical structures 6G sensing equipment would be mounted on.
- American Tower Corporation Roughly 43,000 US towers.
- Crown Castle Inc. Roughly 40,000 US towers.
- SBA Communications Corporation Roughly 17,500 US towers.
- Vertical Bridge REIT, LLC Roughly 15,000 structures.
- Uniti Group Inc. Fiber infrastructure.
Layer 4: DARPA N3 contractors and university research IRBs
13 entities
The six teams funded under the DARPA Next-Generation Non-Surgical Neurotechnology program, and the university review boards that authorize current human-subjects brain research.
- Battelle Memorial Institute DARPA N3 contractor (BrainSTORMS, principal investigator Patrick Ganzer): electromagnetic nanotransducers.
- Teledyne Technologies Incorporated DARPA N3 contractor: magnetometers and focused ultrasound.
- SRI International DARPA N3 contractor: non-invasive neural interface. Includes the former PARC.
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory DARPA N3 contractor (principal investigator David Blodgett): coherent optical brain reading.
- Rice University (MOANA project) DARPA N3 contractor: light and magnetic fields for brain-to-brain communication; $9.8M Phase II contract.
- Carnegie Mellon University DARPA N3 contractor (principal investigator Pulkit Grover): ultrasound and light.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (COUHES) New Institutional review board governing MIT circulatronics research: microscopic devices that travel the bloodstream and are powered by external electromagnetic waves (November 2025).
- Northwestern University (IRB) New Institutional review board governing through-skull light activator research with a 64 micro-LED array (December 2025).
- Columbia University, CUIMC (HRPO) New Medical-campus review board for the BISC chip (65,536 electrodes; Nature Electronics, December 2025; DARPA NESD funded).
- Columbia University, Morningside (HRPO) New General-campus review board for non-medical Columbia neural research. Separate office and address from CUIMC.
- Stanford University (HARCO IRB) New Review board governing Stanford neural research; the university licenses BCI patents to Neuralink and others.
- Brown University (HRPP) New Review board governing the BrainGate consortium research.
- UC San Francisco (HRPP) New Review board governing UCSF neural research; UCSF is co-assignee on CA2886095A1, "Sensory and cognitive profiling."
Layer 5: Federal regulator
1 entity
The agency that licenses every radio frequency the other Signal Shield recipients use.
- Federal Communications Commission Regulator of every radio frequency used by the other Signal Shield recipients.